Adderall
Mixed amphetamine salts · Stimulant (amphetamine)
What it is
Prescription mixed amphetamine salts for ADHD and narcolepsy, and the most widely diverted "study drug" in the US. It reliably increases wakefulness, motivation and confidence in a session of work — which is exactly why its cognitive benefit is overestimated by the people using it.
What human evidence shows
For diagnosed ADHD, effect sizes are large and the evidence is excellent. For neurotypical enhancement the literature is sobering: objective gains on complex cognition are small to absent, while users consistently RATE their own performance as improved — a documented perception gap. It improves task engagement more than task ability.
Risks
Real dependence potential — this is a Schedule II amphetamine, and tolerance-driven dose escalation is the standard failure mode. Cardiovascular load (heart rate, blood pressure), appetite and sleep destruction, anxiety, and in vulnerable people psychosis at high exposure. Withdrawal is a genuine crash. Combining with other stimulants or MAOIs is dangerous. Counterfeit pills pressed with fentanyl are a documented, recurring cause of death in people who thought they were buying Adderall.
Stacking interactions
Documented interactions with other things people research. A compound not listed here does not mean the combination is safe — only that no specific interaction is on file.
Concurrent exposure to agents with sympathomimetic cardiovascular effects may further increase heart rate, blood pressure, or arrhythmia risk; pair-specific evidence varies.
Concurrent exposure to agents with sympathomimetic cardiovascular effects may further increase heart rate, blood pressure, or arrhythmia risk; pair-specific evidence varies.
Concurrent exposure to agents with sympathomimetic cardiovascular effects may further increase heart rate, blood pressure, or arrhythmia risk; pair-specific evidence varies.
Concurrent exposure to agents with sympathomimetic cardiovascular effects may further increase heart rate, blood pressure, or arrhythmia risk; pair-specific evidence varies.
Concurrent exposure to agents with sympathomimetic cardiovascular effects may further increase heart rate, blood pressure, or arrhythmia risk; pair-specific evidence varies.
Legal status
US: Schedule II — possession without a prescription is a felony in most states. There is no legal grey-market version; anything bought outside a pharmacy is either diverted or counterfeit.
Evidence base
substantial literature
Strong human evidence: either a phase 3 or 4 trial report alongside review-level evidence, or ten or more randomised controlled trial reports.
- phase 3/4
- 0
- randomised
- 37
- reviews
- 6
- human trials
- 46
Counts are of published papers, not distinct trials, and measure how much research exists — not whether this works or is safe for you.
Research (12)
- Dextroamphetamine-Amphetamine (Adderall®)1994
- Dextroanfetamina-anfetamina (Adderall®)1994
- Adderall® (amphetamine-dextroamphetamine) toxicityTop Companion Anim Med · 2013
- Adderall XR: long acting stimulant for single daily dosingExpert Rev Neurother · 2004
- AdderallMed Lett Drugs Ther · 2005
- In brief: Alternatives to AdderallMed Lett Drugs Ther · 2022
- Adderall abuse on college campuses: a comprehensive literature reviewJ Evid Based Soc Work · 2012
- Characteristics of online pharmacies selling AdderallJ Am Pharm Assoc (2003) · 2021
- Alternative pharmacological strategies for adult ADHD treatment: a systematic reviewExpert Rev Neurother · 2016
- Adderall-Induced Persistent Psychotic Disorder Managed With Long-Acting Injectable Haloperidol DecanoateCureus · 2022
- Comparative efficacy of Adderall and methylphenidate in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysisJ Clin Psychopharmacol · 2002
- Dextroamphetamine2006
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